InfoQ Homepage Large language models Content on InfoQ
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/articles/next-dsl-author-language-model/en/smallimage/Your-Next-DSL-Author-Is-a-Language-Model-thumb-1789048983233.jpg)
Your Next DSL Author Is a Language Model
In this article, the author introduces Typed Domain Grounding, an approach to reducing LLM hallucinations in domain-specific languages by embedding them in mainstream typed languages. Using kUML benchmarks and an infrastructure-as-code example, he explores how compiler validation and generate-compile-repair loops can make model-generated DSL output more reliable.
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Runtime-Agnostic AI Workflows: a Pattern for Production Durability and Fast Eval Iteration
AI workflows have two needs that trade off directly. Running reliably in production requires persisting and distributing every step so it survives crashes, deploys, and restarts. But that same machinery is what makes runs too heavy for the fast, throwaway loop you need to check an LLM's output quality. The properties that buy durability are the ones that kill iteration speed.
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/articles/evolutionary-architecture-pattern/en/smallimage/evolutionary-architecture-pattern-thumbnail-1784798616611.jpg)
An Evolutionary Architecture Pattern for Managing AI’s Pace of Change
Traditional API gateways assume deterministic services and simple schemas - assumptions agentic AI breaks. Discover why enterprise engineering leaders are adopting AI Gateways as an evolutionary architecture seam. Centralize guardrails, model routing, agent identity, action policy, and semantic audit within a single control plane to prevent costly incidents while keeping core platforms stable.
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/articles/self-building-agent-langchain4j/en/smallimage/the-self-building-agent-a-langChain4j-experiment-thumb-1784637877074.jpg)
The Self-Building Agent: a LangChain4j Experiment
The article discusses an experiment where a code assistant had to design an agentic system using LangChain4j documentation. The assistant created a coding framework capable of writing, testing, and debugging code autonomously. Results showed that two architectural patterns—supervisor and workflow—offered different trade-offs between flexibility and execution speed during debugging tasks.
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/articles/vector-search-hybrid-retrieval-rag/en/smallimage/vector-search-hybrid-retrieval-rag-thumbnail-1779972811121.jpg)
Why Vector Search Alone Isn't Enough: Hybrid Retrieval for RAG
In this article, author Aaditya Chauhan discusses the limitations of RAG pipelines based purely on vector search and how an internal omni-search application using Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF) that combines BM25 and vector results, can enhance the search solution.
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/articles/solving-ai-productivity-paradox-test-automation/en/smallimage/solving-ai-productivity-paradox-test-automation-thumbnail-1779953915743.jpg)
The AI Productivity Paradox in Test Automation: Moving beyond Structural Validation to Perception and Intent
The AI productivity paradox states that AI scales whatever abstraction it is built on. If that abstraction is structurally brittle, it scales structural brittleness. This article shows that to build a future of reliable, AI-driven test automation, we must stop scaling DOM-centric abstractions and build a new testing paradigm grounded in perception and intent.
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/articles/local-first-ai-inference-cloud/en/smallimage/Local-First-AI-Inference-A-Cloud-Architecture-Pattern-for-Cost-Effective-Document-Processing-thumb-image-1778141518292.jpg)
Local-First AI Inference: a Cloud Architecture Pattern for Cost-Effective Document Processing
The Local-First AI Inference pattern routes 70–80% of documents to deterministic local extraction at zero API cost, reserving Azure OpenAI calls for edge cases and flagging low-confidence results for human review. Deployed on 4,700 engineering drawing PDFs, it cut API costs by 75% and processing time by 55%, while bounding errors through a human review tier.
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/articles/mcp-java-architectural-strategy-llm-integrations/en/smallimage/mcp-java-architectural-strategy-llm-integrations-thumbnail-1776772947180.jpg)
MCP in the Java World: Bringing Architectural Strategy to LLM Integrations
Discover how the Model Context Protocol (MCP) Java SDK is establishing a new architectural discipline for enterprise LLM integrations. By defining explicit contracts and leveraging MCP servers as anti-corruption layers, it ensures governance, loose coupling, and security alignment with the JVM ecosystem and existing operational practices, moving integrations beyond fragility to resilience.
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/articles/orchestrating-agentic-multimodal-ai-pipelines-apache-camel/en/smallimage/orchestrating-agentic-multimodal-ai-pipelines-apache-camel-thumbnail-1776763980414.jpg)
Orchestrating Agentic and Multimodal AI Pipelines with Apache Camel
In this article, author Vignesh Durai discusses how agentic and multimodal AI systems can be engineered using Apache Camel and LangChain4j technologies. The key components in the solution include LLM-based reasoning, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and image classification.
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/articles/building-hierarchical-agentic-rag-systems/en/smallimage/building-hierarchical-agentic-rag-systems-thumbnail-1775040657142.jpg)
Building Hierarchical Agentic RAG Systems: Multi-Modal Reasoning with Autonomous Error Recovery
In this article, the author explores how hierarchical agentic RAG systems coordinate specialized workers through structured orchestration to improve accuracy, reliability, and explainability in complex enterprise analytics workflows. The article uses Protocol-H as a to show how deterministic routing, reflective retry, and modality-aware reasoning support safer multi-source query execution.
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/articles/beyond-rag-context-aware/en/smallimage/beyond-rag-context-aware-thumbnail-1774531119239.jpg)
Beyond RAG: Architecting Context-Aware AI Systems with Spring Boot
This article introduces Context-Augmented Generation (CAG) as an architectural refinement of RAG for enterprise systems. It shows how a Spring Boot-based context manager can incorporate user identity, session state, and policy constraints into AI workflows, improving traceability, consistency, and governance without altering existing retrievers or LLM infrastructure.
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/articles/building-llms-resource-constrained-environments/en/smallimage/building-llms-resource-constrained-environments-thumbnail-1770217548603.jpg)
Building LLMs in Resource-Constrained Environments: a Hands-On Perspective
In this article, the author argues that infrastructure and compute limitations can drive innovation. It demonstrates how smaller, efficient models, synthetic data generation, and disciplined engineering enable the creation of impactful LLM-based AI systems despite severe resource constraints.